Charles Cornwallis

Charles Cornwallis was born in London and educated at Eton and Cambridge. His first military experience came in the Seven Years’ War when he was commissioned as an ensign in the British army and served in Germany. In 1760, Cornwallis was elected to the House of Commons; two years later he inherited his father’s earldom and entered the House of Lords as Earl Cornwallis.

During the 1760s and early 1770s, Cornwallis regularly spoke out against the repressive tax policies that Britain was imposing on its American colonies. However, his sympathy did not extend to support for independence and he joined British forces in America in August 1776.

Cornwallis saw action in most of the major campaigns of the War for Independence. He served with William Howe on Long Island in the late summer of 1776, then assisted in the pursuit of George Washington across New Jersey. He also was present at the American victories at Trenton and Princeton, and in September 1777 the British triumph at Brandywine. Cornwallis was impatient with Howe’s lack of initiative and was later similarly critical of Sir Henry Clinton. In frustration, Cornwallis resigned his commission, but his resignation was not accepted.

In 1778, Cornwallis was named second in command under Clinton and in 1780 assisted in the opening of a renewed effort in the American South. He won an important victory at Camden over Horatio Gates in June 1780, but was forced to retreat after Guilford Court House in March 1781. His army marched north through North Carolina and into Virginia, where the forces of Washington and the French fleet compelled his surrender at Yorktown in October 1781.

The defeat at Yorktown did not destroy Cornwallis’s career, however. In 1786, he was appointed governor-general of India, where he brought important reforms to the civil service and the judiciary. He also instituted a major land reform and led military campaigns against native uprisings. In 1792, he was made a marquess for his service in India.

In 1798, Cornwallis became viceroy and commander-in-chief in Ireland. He won some measure of respect from both Roman Catholics and Protestants for his sincerity and dedication. Other contributions included quelling a rebellion in 1798 and thwarting a French invasion.

Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams was born on November 11, 1744 and died on October 28, 1818 a modeled an expanded role for women in public affairs during the formative days of the United States. Apart from being John Adams wife, she was famous for sending a letter to her husband demanding certain rights for women. Her genius letters provide information on everyday life and insight into the activities in the corridors of power during her time. Her letters show her to have been a woman of intelligence, resourceful, competent, self-sufficient, vivacious, and opinionate formidable force. But most important it’s commitment to rights for women and for African Americans. Even though the proposal was awesome they refuse to approve it. However I think that in American´s will remember her effort for a better more peaceful place to be.

She was among the most remarkable women of the revolutionary period. Her education, so far as books were concerned, was little. When she was young she frequently was ill and that’s why she was never sent to any school; but her loss in this respect was not so great as might appear; for, while the New England clergymen at that time were usually men of great learning, the education of their daughters seldom went further than writing or arithmetic, with now and then a smattering of what passed current as music. In the course of her long life she became extensively acquainted with the best English literature, and she wrote in a terse, vigorous, and often elegant style. That was also one of the factors that help her writing the letter she write for the revolution.

After losing his bid for reelection in 1800, John Adams retired to life on the farm. Abigail Adams continued to keep herself busy maintaining her home. John Adams injured his leg in an accident and was unable to walk for several weeks. As always, Abigail Adams cared for them all. In October of 1818, Abigail Adams suffered a stroke. She died quietly on October 28, 1818, surrounded by her family. John Adams lived several more years, passing away on July 4, 1826.

The Treaty of Paris

Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin is a character that means so much for the United State society. He is a multitalented person, having lots of qualities that he gets advantage of it by showing it to the world. He was a printer, publisher, scientist and more abilities that during his life work them. Franklin was important to the United State he present a lot of support during the declaration of independence and during others important successes of the country, such as president of Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery in 1785; Senior member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and more. He was involved in political, having lots of positions in which he make an amazing job leading he’s life as a history. Franklin was an intellectual man that makes his ideas bright in the life of human society. Franklin makes lots of inventions that advance the life of men. A very important invention of Franklin was the electricity in which make a huge impact to human life. He clearly was an important man in many points of view.

Franklin was born in January 17 of 1706, at Boston, Massachusetts. He was a very intelligent person in which he was a Self-taught, apprenticed as a printer. Honorary Doctor of Laws, in which he graduated in the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford. Franklin had a son and one daughter in were both had successful life’s. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775, where he played a crucial role in the rebellion against Great Britain, including service to Jefferson in editing the Declaration of Independence. He was the United States first Postmaster General, Minister to the French Court, one that signed the Treaty to make peace with Britain. Benjamin Franklin was a Businessman, Writer, Publisher, Scientist, Diplomat, Legislator, and Social activist, was one of the earliest and strongest encouraged people for the abolition of Slavery, and for the protection of the rights of American aboriginal peoples. He died on the 17th of April in 1790. On that day he was still one of the most celebrated characters in America.

The Treaty Of Paris

The Treaty of Paris ended the American Revolution. For seven years England and their colonists had battled against the Native Americans. The war had originated in North America, but it quickly encompassed Europe, Africa, and India as well. Although the war had ended in 1760 in North America with England capture of Montreal, the conflict continued to rage in other parts of the world until 1763.

With the treaty they singned, England received control of all French possessions in modern day Canada as well as most of the territory east of the Mississippi River, including the Ohio Country. With England now in control, Native Americans in Ohio feared that colonists would move onto their lands, driving the natives further west as had occurred since the earliest English settlements in North America. To prevent this from taking place, Pontiac of the Ottawa Indians formed an alliance with several other tribes and attempted to drive the English from west of the Appalachian Mountains in 1763. This was known as Pontiac´s Rebellion.British authorities, already facing bankruptcy from the French and Indian War, sought to prevent further conflicts with the Native Americans because of the potential expense.England issued the Proclamation of 1763, which forbade English colonists from living west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Struggling toward Independence

The Proclamtion Of 1763

The end of the French and Indian War in 1763 was a cause for great celebration in the colonies, for it removed several ominous barriers and opened up a host of new opportunities for the colonists. The French had effectively hemmed in the British settlers and had, from the perspective of the settlers, played the "Indians" against them. The first thing on the minds of colonists was the great western frontier that had opened to them when the French ceded that contested territory to the British. The royal proclamation of 1763 did much to dampen that celebration. The proclamation, in effect, closed off the frontier to colonial expansion. The King and his council presented the proclamation as a measure to calm the fears of the Indians, who felt that the colonists would drive them from their lands as they expanded westward. Many in the colonies felt that the object was to pen them in along the Atlantic seaboard where they would be easier to regulate. No doubt there was a large measure of truth in both of these positions. However the colonists could not help but feel a strong resentment when what they perceived to be their prize was snatched away from them. The proclamation provided that all lands west of the heads of all rivers which flowed into the Atlantic Ocean from the west or northwest were off-limits to the colonists. This excluded the rich Ohio Valley and all territory from the Ohio to the Mississippi rivers from settlement.

The proclamation also established or defined four new colonies, three of them on the continent proper. Quebec, which was of course already well settled, two colonies to be called East Florida and West Florida — and off the continent, Grenada. These facts were established immediately, but most of the proclamation is devoted to the subject of Indians and Indian lands. It asserted that all of the Indian peoples were thereafter under the protection of the King. It required that all lands within the "Indian territory" occupied by Englishmen were to be abandoned. It included a list of prohibited activities, provided for enforcement of the new laws, and indicted unnamed persons for fraudulent practices in acquiring lands from the Indians in times past. Resolution of the hostilities of the French and Indian War was a difficult problem for the crown. Most of the Indian tribes had been allied with the French during the war, because they found the French less hostile and generally more trustworthy that the English settlers. Now the French would depart, and the Indians were left behind to defend themselves and their grounds as best they could. Relations between the Indians and the English colonials were so poor that few settlers would argue in public that the Indians had rights to any lands. In this proclamation the King sided with the Indians, against the perceived interests of the settlers. Moreover, it provided, and Parliament soon after executed, British royal posts along the proclamation boundary. Parliament was under no illusions about relations between the Indians and the colonists. They understood that the colonists would not respect the boundary without some enforcement mechanism. Finally, the English were interested in improving the fur trade, which involved the Indians and independent trappers who lived out on the frontier.

The Proclamation line extended from the Atlantic coast at Quebec to the newly established border of West Florida. Establishing and manning posts along the length of this boundary was a very costly undertaking. The British ministry would argue that these outposts were for colonial defense, and as such should be paid for by the colonies. From the American perspective this amounted to a tax on the colonies to pay for a matter of Imperial regulation that was opposed to the interests of the colonies. A bitter pill indeed.

George Washington

George Washington was born February 22 1732, Westmoreland county, Virginia died December 14, 1799, Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S. the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander in chief of the Continentl Army in 1775–1783, and he presided over the writing of the Constitution in 1787. As the unanimous choice to serve as the first President of the United States, he developed the forms and rituals of government that have been used ever since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. As President, he built a strong, well-financed national government that stayed neutral in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion and won acceptance among Americans of all types, but also saw the advent of contentious political parties. Washington was universally regarded as the "Father of his country".

Little is known of George Washington's early childhood, spent largely on the Ferry Farm on the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg, Virginia. Mason L. Weems's stories of the cherry tree and of young Washington's dislike to fighting are fake efforts to fill a manifest gap. He attended school irregularly from his 7th to his 15th year, first with the local church sexton and later with a schoolmaster named Williams. Some of his schoolboy papers survive. He was fairly well trained in practical mathematics, several types of mensuration, and trigonometry. He studied geography, possibly had a little Latin, and certainly read some of The Spectator and other English classics.

The Continental Congress named Washington the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, after which Washington drove the British out of Boston in 1776. Washington was then driven out of New York City, Long Island and into New Jersey. On Christmas Day, 1776, Washington lead a surprise attack on Trenton New Jersey, swinging the war back in the favor of the revolutionaries. This was followed up by another major victory at Princeton on January 3rd. Despite the moral boost of the victories, the particularly harsh winter lead to a large contraction in the size of Washington's army to number as low as a thousand, through both lack of reenlistment and desertion. American victory was despite the brilliance of the victories not guaranteed at this stage. Washington set about a reorganisation of the army in responce with both a carrot and stick method - a carrot of promise of monetary reward for three-year enlistment or land for enlisting for the duration of the war, a stick of increasing punishment from 39 to 100 lashes in order to discourage desertion. This was effective and numbers quickly rose again to ten thousand under Washington's direct command.

There is no question that Washington suffered a sore throat. It started Dec. 13, 1799, the day after he had made a tour of his Mount Vernon, estate in a freezing rain. But it took nothing for it, since, according to his secretary Tobias Lear, the general was always averse to nursing himself for minor complaints.Early the following day Washington's throat worsened. Breathing became difficult and swallowing was painful. At daybreak, the estate overseer was summoned to bleed Washington. Bleeding was a common medical practice of the day, performed by lay persons as well as physicians.Despite his loss of blood, Washington insisted on sitting up. Blisters were applied to his legs, a bran to his throat. He almost choked to death leaning his head back to swallow medicine.

The Battle of Saratoga

During the summer of 1776, a powerful army under British General Sir William Howe invaded the New York City area. His professional troops defeated General George Washington’s less trained forces. Royal army advanced upon the American camp in three separate columns within the present day towns of Stillwater and Saratoga. Royal army advanced upon the American camp in three separate columns within the present day towns of Stillwater and Saratoga. urgoyne had been stopped about a mile north of the American line with his army roughly treated. Shaken by his "victory," the British commander ordered his troops to entrench in the vicinity of the Freeman Farm and await support from Clinton, who was supposedly preparing to move north toward Albany from New York City. Faced by a growing American army without hope of help from the south, and with supplies rapidly diminishing, the British army became weaker with each passing day.

Burgoyne had to choose between advancing or retreating. He decided to risk a second engagement, and on October 7 ordered a reconnaissance-in-force to test the American left flank. Ably led and supported by eight cannon, a force of 1,500 men moved out of the British camp. Before the enemy's flanks could be rallied, Gen. Benedict Arnold -who had been relieved of command after a quarrel with Gates- rode onto the field and led Learned's brigade against the German troops holding the British center. Under tremendous pressure from all sides, the Germans joined a general withdrawal into the fortifications on the Freeman Farm. Within an hour after the opening clash, Burgoyne lost eight cannon and more than 400 officers and men. Flushed with success, the Americans believed that victory was near.

Arnold led one column in a series of savage attacks on the Balcarres Redoubt, a powerful British fieldwork on the Freeman Farm. After failing repeatedly to carry this position, Arnold wheeled his horse and, dashing through the crossfire of both armies, spurred northwest to the Breymann Redoubt. An ill advised American invasion of Canada had come to an alarming end, its once confident regiments reduced to a barely disciplined mob by smallpox and pursuing British troops through the Lake Champlain Valley. The second battle, the Battle of Bemis Heights, occurred on October 7th, when Burgoyne determined to break free from the encircling colonial forces and drive them from the field. The British troops and their German allies were devastated, and nearly lost their entrenched positions. Fighting on horseback, Benedict Arnold, received a wound in his leg during this battle; his contribution to the battle is commemorated by a statue of his boot, with no other reference to the hero turned traitor.

Overall the Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the Revolutionary War. There were around 6,000 soldiers, including militia and sharp shooters. Nearly 1,000 of those soldiers were killed, wounded, captured or missing at the end of the battle. American militiamen turned back an attack on British soldiers in September. The militiamen defeated the British once more three weeks later.

The Battle of Banker Hill

Following the beginning of the war at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775 the citizens of Boston found themselves between two armies. General Artemas Ward's New England volunteers surrounded Boston and blockaded the land approaches; General Thomas Gage and 4,600 British soldiers held the city itself. One Bostonian wrote, "We are besieged this moment with 10 or 15,000 men, from Roxbury to Cambridge... We are every hour expecting an attack by land or water."

Critical to the British occupation of Boston was control of the hills on the Charlestown peninsula. An army holding this position overlooked both Boston and her harbor. On June 15 the Americans learned that the British planned to occupy Charlestown. To frustrate them the Americans decided to act first.

Major General William Howe, Gage's senior officer, was given field command. A shortage of boats, poor navigational maps, and ill-timed tides affected Howe's strategy and delayed the operation. In the end, Howe decided to land his troops at Moulton's (or Charlestown) Point near the mouth of the Mystic River. From her he could press westward across the peninsula, outflank the American redoubt and seize Bunker's Hill and Charlestown neck. While the British waited for the tide to rise, the Americans used the time wisely.

The Americans held off two British charges, but were finally forced to retreat on the third charge. The British suffered heavy losses with 226 men killed and 828 more. This is how Americans won the war.

The Battle of Lexington and Concord

The Battle of Lexington and Concord was made up of two battles that began on April 18th, 1775. Dr. Joseph Warren learned of the British plans and sent Paul Revere to alert John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Paul Revere promised to warn them when the British soldiers started to march. Since he wasn't sure that he would be able to get out of Boston with the message, he made plans to alert people by putting lanterns in the Old North Church steeple. He would light one lantern if the British were coming by land, and two lanterns if the British were coming by sea. On the evening of April 18th, the British troops were ferried across the Boston Harbor to start their march on Lexington. Paul Revere hung two lanterns in the church steeple. Then Paul Revere, William Dawes and Dr. Samuel Prescott rode to warn the colonists that the British were coming.Paul Revere rode to Lexington and alerted Samual Adams and John Hancock. By the time the British soldiers reached Lexington, Samual Adams and John Hancock had escaped.So when the British came in to take and attack the Rebels, the Minutemen, Americans who were ready to fight in a minute, were waiting to attack at Lexington. The Americans were withdrawing when someone fired a shot, and the British troops started to fire at the Minutemen. The British then charged with bayonets. Nobody knows who shot first.Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington.Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown and then he traveled the northern water route. He crossed the Charles River by rowboat, slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor. Crossings were banned at that hour, but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode to Lexington, avoiding a British patrol and later warning almost every house along the route. The Charlestown colonists dispatched additional riders to the north. The British went to look at a nearby farm for weapons, they ran into a group of minutemen at Concord's North Bridge. There was a big fight, and the Minutemen made the British retreat. The Minutemen tried not to let the British retreat, but it was successful.The Battles of Lexington and Concord were battles that took many lives. By the end of the day, British troops had lost 273 soldiers, while the Colonists lost only 94 people. 18 of these Colonists had died during the battle at Lexington. The Revolutionary War had begun.

Thomas Jefferson

born April 2 1743, Shadwell, Virginia, died July 4, 1826, Monticello, Virginia, draftsman of the Declaration of Independence of the United States and the nation's first secretary of state, second vice president (1797–1801), and, as the third president, the statesman responsible for the Louisiana Purchase.In 1772 he married Martha Wayles Skelton ( Martha Jefferson), an attractive and delicate young widow whose dowry more than doubled his holdings in land and slaves. In 1774 he wrote A Summary View of the Rights of British America, which was quickly published, though without his permission, and launch him into visibility beyond Virginia as an early advocate of American independence from Parliament's authority. Jefferson's shyness prevented him from playing a significant role in the debates within the Congress. John Adams, a leader in those debates, remembered that Jefferson was silent even in committee meetings, though consistently staunch in his firm for independence.On July 3–4 the Congress debated and edited Jefferson's declaration of independence draft, deleting and revising fully one-fifth of the text. But they made no changes in this passage, which succeeding generations became the lyrical sanction for every liberal movement in American history. At the time, Jefferson himself was disconsolate that the Congress had seen fit to make any changes in his language.He returned to Virginia in October 1776 and immediately launched an extensive project for the reform of the state's legal code to bring it in line with the principles of the American Revolution. At the end of what was probably the most creative phase of his public career, personal misfortune struck in two successive episodes. Elected governor of Virginia in 1779, he was caught off-guard by a surprise British invasion in 1780 against which the state was defenseless. His flight from approaching British troops was described in the local press,unfairly, as a cowardly act of abdication. Then, in September 1782, his wife died after a difficult delivery in May of their third daughter. These two disasters caused him to vow that he would never again desert his family for his country.

Loyalists

American Loyalists, or "Tories" as their opponents called them, opposed the Revolution, and many took up arms against the rebels. Most educated Americans, whether Loyalist or Revolutionary, accepted John Locke's theory of natural rights and limited government. Loyalists wanted to pursue peaceful forms of protest because they believed that violence would give rise to mob rule or tyranny. The Loyalists were generally passive, waiting for London to send in an army to suppress the rebellion. Most loyalists were wealthy, well-educated conservative people who supported British authority in order to maintain domestic stability, and they would be able to maintain their current standards of living. Some Loyalists just considered themselves realists, and they weren't willing to sacrifice for a war that was inevitably going to be won by the larger, more elite, British military.Exact numbers of these groups are not available.Anglican clergymen and many wealthy landowners were often Loyalists. The ranks of the merchants and lawyers were more evenly divided.Loyalists probably were in the majority in New York, New Jersey and Georgia, but were weakest in the oldest colonies, Virginia and Massachusetts.More than 4,000 claims were made by Loyalists after the war, but the U.S. government dragged its feet on an issue that clearly had little public support. At the end of the war, thousands of Loyalists left the country; 30,000 departed from New York alone. Many from the North fled into Canada, particularly to Nova Scotia, while others in the South went to the Bahamas and West Indies. Homesickness was common and caused some to return to the United States. A number of the early returns were treated harshly, but it cooled over time.

Thomas Gage

Thomas Gage is a military officer. He was born in England approximated in 1721. He was the second son of Viscount Gage. Thomas entered the army when he was very young. When he finishes the process to begin to be a militar he was with the Braddock army, and they defeated the Monongahela army when he was lieutenant colonel and his job was to lead the fight.
Late in 1758 he married the daughter of Peter Kemble, that was the president of the council of New Jersey. Gage worked under Amherst in northern New York and Canada. On the capture of Montreal by the English in 1760 he was made military governor of that city. He was promoted to major-general, and in 1763 succeeded Amherst as commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America.
In 1774 he was successful in Hutchinson when he was as governor of Massachusetts. He also occupied Boston troops. He always Act under the instructions of his government not with his conscience and judgment, so he took decisions that brought armed resistance to British rule in the colonies. He demanded for 20,000 armed men at Boston but the ministry didn’t agree, and thought it was ridiculous believing that a few soldiers could accomplish all that was necessary to make the patriots cower.
On April 18/19, 1775, Gage ordered 700 men to march to Concord to capture colonial powder and guns. En route, active fighting began at Lexington and was continued at Concord. Though British troops were able to clear each town, they sustained heavy casualties during their march back to Boston.

Boston Massacre Cartoon

The Boston Massacre

The Boston Massacre was a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks to British soldiers. Several colonists were killed and this led to a campaign by speech to express the ire of the colonists.

The presence of British troops in the city of Boston was increasingly unwelcome. The riot began when about 50 citizens attacked a British sentinel. A British officer, Captain Thomas Preston, called in additional soldiers, and these too were attacked, so the soldiers fired into the mob, killing 3 on the spot one of them was a black sailor named Crispus Attucks, rope maker Samuel Gray, and a mariner named James Caldwell, and wounding 8 others, two of whom died later Samuel Maverick and Patrick Carr.
A town meeting was called demanding the removal of the British and the trial of Captain Preston and his men for murder. At the trial, John Adams and Josiah Quincy II defended the British, leading to their release. Samuel Quincy and Robert Treat Paine were the responsible of the persecution.

The Boston Massacre was a signal event leading to the Revolutionary War. It led directly to the Royal Governor evacuating the occupying army from the town of Boston. It would soon bring the revolution to armed rebellion throughout the colonies.

The Boston Tea Party

In 1770, American protests led to Parliament's for the Townshend duties, except for the duty on tea retained by the British as a matter of principle. The colonists demonstrated their indignation by stopping the tax of tea by drinking smuggled tea. The effectiveness of American resistance was shown in the discrimination in tea of British in the colonies. This drop the British tea over 70 percent in three years.

In 1773 Parliament passed the Tea Act, which gave the English East India Company a chance to make a plan to make British to break up. This Tea Act allowed the company to sell tea to the colonists at a low price, lower than the price of smuggled tea, even including the required duty. The British reasoned that the Americans would easily pay the tax if they were able to pay a low price for the tea.

On November 28 the Dartmouth arrived in Boston harbor with a cargo of Darjeeling tea. Samuel Adams and other radicals were determined that the pack would not be landed in the city. His mobs look the streets in the evenings, threatening violence if challenged by the authorities.

When this ship arrived to America the Colonists toke on their plan to boycott British tea. Their plan was to dress as British and to come to the harbor and destroyed all tea that British had brought, they through the tea into the ocean making a big loss of money for the British. This was called The Boston Tea Party.

The Daughters Of Liberty

The Daughters of Liberty were a successful group that proved women'sinvolvement in politics could be beneficial for the country. This was a public support to boycott British goods increased, "Daughters of Liberty" joined the support to British importation. The Daughters of Liberty used their traditional skills to weave yarn and wool in fabrics. They were recognized as patriotic heroines because they had lots of success in their activities, which made America less dependent on British Textiles and make them broke because didn’t pay taxes. In the others country, while Patriots supported the non importation movements of 1765, and 1769, the daughters of liberty continued to support American resistance. In many small towns and villages women spun wool to make their cloth.
In 1774, the patriot women helped influence a decision made by Continental Congress to boycott all British goods. The decision to boycott British goods was due in large part to the patriot women who were determined to reach demands for things they made such as clothing. Although it is not often recognized, the groups of organizations formed by women were very influential during the war. Decisions made to boycott of British goods would not have been possible if the women had not created a substitute for the imported material. The "Daughters of Liberty" were working all the day to prove their commitment to "the cause of liberty and industry".
The daughters of liberty were one of the many groups of women who fought for woman's equality and supported the soldiers during the American Revolution. Abigail Adams was best known for the letters she sent to her husband that always wrote him to "Remember the ladies" when he discussed the future of the country. She´s husband was John Adams that became the second president of the United State. She fought for women's equality during the war, and accomplished many things during her life.

Poem About "The Daughters of Liberty"

The 20 Daughters of Liberty
By Anonymous
Since the men, from a party or fear of a frown,
Are kept by a sugar-plum quietly down,
Supinely asleep--and depriv'd of their sight,
Are stripp'd of their freedom, and robb'd of their right;
If the sons, so degenerate! the blessings despise,
Let the Daughters of Liberty nobly arise;
And though we've no voice but a negative here,
The use of the taxables, let us forbear:--
(Then merchants import till your stores are all full,
May the buyers be few, and your traffic be dull!)
~~~~~
Stand firmly resolv'd, and bid Grenville to see,
That rather than freedom we part with our tea,
And well as we love the dear draught when a-dry,
As American Patriots our taste we deny--
Pennsylvania's gay meadows can richly afford
To pamper our fancy or furnish our board;
And paper sufficient at home still we have,
To assure the wiseacre, we will not sign slave;
When this homespun shall fail, to remonstrate our grief,
We can speak viva voce, or scratch on a leaf;
Refuse all their colors, though richest of dye,
When the juice of a berry our paint can supply,
To humor our fancy--and as for our houses,
They'll do without painting as well as our spouses;
While to keep out the cold of a keen winter morn,
We can screen the north-west with a well polished horn;
And trust me a woman, by honest invention,
Might give this state-doctor a dose of prevention.
~~~~~
Join mutual in this--and but small as it seems,
We may jostle a Grenville, and puzzle his schemes;
But a motive more worthy our patriot pen,
Thus acting--we point out their duty to men;
And should the bound-pensioners tell us to hush,
We can throw back the satire, by biding them blush

Charles Townshend

Charles Townshend was born in 1674, the eldest son of Horatio Townshend,
1st Viscount of Raynham. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, and he success in December, 1687. In September, 1714, King George I named Townshend the post of Secretary of State for the Northern Department. He used this position to question England's interference in the war between Sweden and Denmark, he also use it to find a way that could conclude a defensive alliances between England and France. Townshend was married twice. His first wife, Elizabeth Pelham has 5 children’s with him that were: Charles, Thomas, William, Roger, and Elizabeth. She died in 1711. He then married Dorothy, that was the sister of Sir Robert Walpole, they had 7 children together, that were, George, Augustus, Horatio, Edward, Richard, Dorothy, and Mary. She died in 1726.Charles Townshend, was known as “Champagne Charlie” to his friends. He was the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the in the time they had conflicts with the Stamp Act. He hoped to enhance his political career, by helping the financials problems. Riots in England convinced him that tax was needed in the Colonist, and this could reduce the national debt. This made sense to Townshend and others because the recent French and Indian War had been fought, and they thought the Colonist should be thanks with them because the protection they gave them. Townshend was perceptive enough to realize that during the Stamp Act Crisis, the Americans had objected to what they had described as internal taxation. So he thought to put external taxation so the Colonist should pay them, and they couldn’t have any objections. At the end this became the Townshend act, that didn’t make any happier to the Americans.

Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry was born May 29, 1736 and died June 6, 179, he was an orator and politician who hes best known for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech. He is remembered as one of the most influential exponents of Republicanism. Henry was a leader of the anti-federalists in Virginia who opposed the United States Constitution. Patrick Henry proclaimed that a king who would veto a good and necessary law made by a locally elected representative body was not a father to his people but "a tyrant who forfeits the allegiance of his subjects." Henry served in the Virginia House of Burgesses; he was a member of the Virginia committee of Correspondence, a delegate to the Virginia Convention, and a delegate to the Virginia Constitution Ratification Convention. In 1774 and 1775 he was a delegate to the Continental Congress and served on three of its most important committees: the one colonial trade and manufactures, the one for drawing up an address to the king, and the one for stating the rights of the colonies. As governor he gave Washington able support and sent out the expedition under George Rogers Clark into the Illinois country. In 1778 he was chosen a delegate to Congress. From 1780 to 1784 and from 1787 to 1790 he was again a member of his State legislature; and from 1784 to 1786 was again governor. When he was chosen as a delegate to the Philadelphia constitutional convention of 1787, he had become cold in the cause and declined to serve. Henry also declined nominations from George Washington to become his secretary of state or the chief justice of the Supreme Court. He later served briefly as a U.S. senator and for many years as a Virginia state legislator. By the late 1790s Henry was a supporter of the Federalist policies of Washington and his successor, John Adams. He died age 64.

Tensions Between the Colonists and the British

Differences in Colonial Government

    Having difference of the government with the Colonist and the British brings future problems. Some differences are: that the British constitution was not a formal document it was more as a collection of laws and a tradition of many years and in the another side the Colonist were spelled out in a formal legal document such as a royal chart like Mayland, they also have informal agreements as Mayflower. In addition 2/3 of the Colonial men have the requierments to vote, and British men were only 1/4, making this a small amount of people that really could state their opinion by voting and in the Colony they were more people that express their desicions. In a certain way this comes together with the final problem.

    In the end of the 7 years war the British had 10,000 troops in North America at the end of the French and Indian War. The British felt they had, and were, spending a great deal of money to defend the colonies. These massive forces were needed to protect the Colonists from Indian attacks. By war's end, the British found themselves in debt to the tune of 140 million pounds, an enormous sum for those times. The British tried to address both their problems: governing and protecting the Colonists, as well as, keeping their costs down. The British official hope to change situationby taxting the Colonist and raise money by pay all the dept. Making the Colonist angry.

   The Colonist got angry because they have different ideas on the Government. The Colonist believed that they were all equal and they should be part in what taxes to pay. When the parlament tried to leived taxes on the Colonist mayor problems were created. Colonist believe that only their own elected officials had the right to leived taxes on them.They wanted to pay only the taxes they want  and to make their own laws. All this gives a contribution to the American Revolution.